What does endocrinology involve?

• Thyroid overactivity (hyperthyroidism) often underlies high blood pressure as an endocrine disorder, resulting from an imbalance in hormone-producing organs since these hormones can affect blood pressure.
• Thyroid underactivity (hypothyroidism) can also lead to increased blood pressure, but in this case, the diastolic value tends to be high. Weight gain, fatigue, and constipation are characteristic symptoms of this condition.
• Nodular goiter: If the thyroid gland swells or nodules of various sizes form on it, it is highly likely that there is a disturbance in hormone production. The likelihood of developing thyroid nodules is increased by iodine deficiency, smoking, and certain genetic factors. They are more common during pregnancy and the postpartum period. One or more nodules can appear at the same time, and in some cases, the entire thyroid gland becomes a cluster of nodules. It is possible for nodules to be only a few millimeters in size, but there are also cases of significant thyroid enlargement associated with goiter.
• Hot nodules refer to nodules that appear as red on isotope scans. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism are unpleasant and include sudden weight loss, rapid heart rate, fatigue, restlessness, irritability, constipation, dry skin, hair loss, and sleep disturbances. If the swelling is too large, it can exert pressure on the larynx, causing the patient to feel a lump in the throat and even experience difficulty swallowing.
• If palpable nodules do not cause hormonal problems and there are no symptoms indicating hyperthyroidism, they are known as non-functioning or "cold" nodules on isotope scans. The patient may see and feel the nodule, but there are usually no other symptoms. However, when the cold nodule reaches a certain size, it can cause a feeling of a lump in the throat or difficulty swallowing. Some cold nodules are fluid-filled cysts that can change in size. A small percentage of cold nodules can develop into malignant tumors, making regular medical check-ups important in these cases.
• Thyroid inflammations (thyroiditis)
• Thyroid enlargement (struma/goiter)
• Thyroid cancer

The parathyroid glands are responsible for conditions such as osteoporosis or increased bone formation, tendency for kidney stones, increased susceptibility to muscle cramps, muscle weakness, vision impairment, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure problems, abdominal complaints, and mood disorders. The first sign of parathyroid disease is an abnormal calcium level, which can be detected through routine blood tests. The symptoms and manifestations of parathyroid diseases are consequences of persistently high (hypercalcemia) or low (hypocalcemia) levels of calcium in the blood. Symptoms caused by high calcium levels include:

• Fatigue Nausea
• loss of appetite 
• abdominal pain
• Excessive thirst
• thirst Increased urination
• Bone pain and fragile bones
• Kidney stones (excess calcium in the urine can crystallize and form stones)
• Constipation
• Depression

Symptoms caused by low calcium levels include:

• Abdominal pain
• Muscle cramps
• Tingling or numbness in the fingers

Laboratory tests:

• Measurement of blood calcium level
• Evaluation of urinary calcium excretion
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) test
• Measurement of vitamin D levels Additional

imaging tests:

• Ultrasound
• MRI or CT scan
• Bone mineral density testing

Hypoadrenia

Underactivity of the adrenal cortex. Symptoms may include constant fatigue, exhaustion after rest, chills, and forgetfulness. Decreased libido and thinness in the abdominal area are also associated with this symptom complex related to the adrenal glands.

Cushing's syndrome

Elevated levels of the cortisol hormone produced by the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include high blood pressure and characteristic weight gain in the trunk and face.

Conn's syndrome

Conn's syndrome refers to a hormone-related (endocrine) disease known as adrenal-origin high blood pressure, where the levels of a hormone called aldosterone significantly increase. The excessive production of aldosterone hormone by the adrenal cortex leads to muscle weakness and high blood pressure that cannot be controlled with typical antihypertensive medications. This condition is known as Conn's disease.

In a healthy individual, this hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the balance of salt and water in the body. Its function is to retain sodium and potassium in the body, along with water. Excessive production of this hormone leads to stubborn hypertension that cannot be adequately reduced with medication. Often, this is the symptom that draws attention to the disease.